What Is the Term for Slow Motion

Consequence in picture show-making

Slow motion video of a glass cup neat on a concrete floor

Dull motility (usually abbreviated as slo-mo or slow-mo) is an upshot in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed downwards. It was invented by the Austrian priest August Musger in the early 20th century. This can be accomplished through the apply of loftier-speed cameras and then playing the footage produced by such cameras at a normal rate like 30 fps, or in post product through the use of software.

Typically this manner is achieved when each motion picture frame is captured at a rate much faster than information technology will be played back. When replayed at normal speed, fourth dimension appears to be moving more slowly. A term for creating slow motion film is overcranking which refers to paw cranking an early camera at a faster rate than normal (i.due east. faster than 24 frames per second). Wearisome motion can also be achieved past playing ordinarily recorded footage at a slower speed. This technique is more often applied to video subjected to instant replay than to film. A third technique that is becoming common using electric current estimator software post-processing is to fabricate digitally interpolated frames to smoothly transition betwixt the frames that were really shot. Move can be slowed farther by combining techniques, such every bit for example by interpolating between overcranked frames. The traditional method for achieving super-deadening motion is through loftier-speed photography, a more sophisticated technique that uses specialized equipment to record fast phenomena, normally for scientific applications.

Slow motility is ubiquitous in modern filmmaking. It is used past a diverse range of directors to reach diverse effects. Some archetype subjects of slow-motion include:

• Able-bodied activities of all kinds, to demonstrate skill and way.
• To recapture a fundamental moment in an athletic game, typically shown as a replay.
• Natural phenomena, such as a drop of water hitting a drinking glass.

Tiresome motion can also be used for artistic upshot, to create a romantic or suspenseful aura or to stress a moment in time. Vsevolod Pudovkin, for case, used ho-hum move in a suicide scene in his 1933 film The Deserter, in which a human being jumping into a river seems sucked down past the slowly splashing waves. Another example is Face/Off, in which John Woo used the same technique in the movements of a flock of flying pigeons. The Matrix fabricated a singled-out success in applying the event into activity scenes through the use of multiple cameras, as well every bit mixing slow-move with live activity in other scenes. Japanese manager Akira Kurosawa was a pioneer using this technique in his 1954 movie Vii Samurai. American manager Sam Peckinpah was another archetype lover of the use of tiresome motion. The technique is specially associated with explosion effect shots and underwater footage.^{[ citation needed ]}

The opposite of slow motion is fast motion. Cinematographers refer to fast motion equally undercranking since it was originally accomplished by cranking a handcranked camera slower than normal. It is often used for comic, or occasional stylistic event. Farthermost fast move is known as time lapse photography; a frame of, say, a growing plant is taken every few hours; when the frames are played back at normal speed, the found is seen to grow earlier the viewer's eyes.

The concept of slow motility may have existed earlier the invention of the motion motion-picture show: the Japanese theatrical class Noh employs very tedious movements.

How slow move works [edit]

There are two ways in which slow motion tin can be achieved in modern cinematography. Both involve a photographic camera and a projector. A projector refers to a classical film projector in a moving picture theater, just the same basic rules use to a boob tube screen and whatever other device that displays consecutive images at a constant frame rate.^[one]

Overcranking [edit]

For purposes of making the above illustration readable, a project speed of 10 frames per 2nd (fps) has been selected (the 24fps picture standard makes irksome overcranking rare but nevertheless bachelor on professional equipment).^[2]

Frames marked with an X must be fabricated.

Time stretching [edit]

The second blazon of deadening motion is achieved during post production. This is known as fourth dimension-stretching or digital deadening motion. This type of slow motion is accomplished by inserting new frames in betwixt frames that have actually been photographed. The effect is similar to overcranking equally the actual movement occurs over a longer time.

Since the necessary frames were never photographed, new frames must be fabricated. Sometimes the new frames are simply repeats of the preceding frames but more than often they are created by interpolating between frames. (Often this motion interpolation is, effectively, a brusk dissolve between withal frames). Many complicated algorithms exist that tin runway move between frames and generate intermediate frames within that scene. Information technology is like to one-half-speed, and is not truthful boring-motion but merely a longer brandish of each frame.

In activeness films [edit]

Slow motion is used widely in action films for dramatic effect, as well equally the famous bullet-dodging outcome, popularized by The Matrix. Formally, this result is referred to as speed ramping and is a procedure whereby the capture frame rate of the camera changes over fourth dimension. For example, if in the form of ten seconds of capture, the capture frame charge per unit is adjusted from 60 frames per 2nd to 24 frames per second, when played back at the standard picture show rate of 24 frames per 2d, a unique time-manipulation effect is achieved. For case, someone pushing a door open up and walking out into the street would appear to kickoff off in slow motion, but in a few seconds later inside the same shot the person would appear to walk in "realtime" (everyday speed). The opposite speed-ramping is done in The Matrix when Neo re-enters the Matrix for the outset time to encounter the Oracle. As he comes out of the warehouse "load-signal", the camera zooms into Neo at normal speed merely as information technology gets closer to Neo'south face, time seems to slow downward, perhaps visually accentuating Neo pausing and reflecting a moment, and possibly alluding to future manipulation of fourth dimension itself within the Matrix later on in the picture.

In broadcasting [edit]

Tedious-motility is widely used in sport broadcasting and its origins in this domain extend back to the primeval days of television set, one case existence the European Heavyweight Title in 1939 where Max Schmeling knocked out Adolf Heuser in 71 seconds.^[3]

In instant replays, slow motility reviews are at present ordinarily used to show in detail some action (photograph cease, goal, ...). Mostly, they are made with video servers and special controllers. The starting time Television receiver slo-mo was the Ampex HS-100 disk record-player. Later on the HS-100, Type C videotape VTRs with a slow-motion option were used. In that location were a few special high frame rate Telly systems (300 fps) fabricated to give college quality tiresome-motion for TV. 300 fps can be converted to both l and lx fps transmission formats without major issues.

Scientific use [edit]

In scientific and technical applications information technology is ofttimes necessary to slow movement past a very large cistron, for example to examine the details of a nuclear explosion. Examples are sometimes published showing, for example, a bullet bursting a balloon.

Video file recording methods [edit]

Commonly, digital camcorders (including: bridge cameras, DSLM, higher-stop meaty cameras and mobile phones) historically had two means of storing slow motion video (or: high framerate video) into the video file: the real-fourth dimension method and the menial method.

Real-time method [edit]

The existent time method treats the video as a normal video while encoding information technology. The output video file contains the aforementioned framerate every bit the image sensor output framerate. The duration of the video in the output file also matches the real-life recording elapsing. And the output video also contains an sound track, like usual videos.

This method is used past all GoPro cameras, Sony RX10/RX100 series cameras (except in the time-limited "super-tiresome-motion" Loftier Frame Rate (HFR) manner), Apple iPhones with high framerate (slow motion) video recording functionality (starting with the iPhone 5s in belatedly 2013), Sony Xperia flagships since 2014 (Xperia Z2, first Sony flagship with precluded 120fps video recording), LG Five serial mobile phones and every Samsung Galaxy flagship phone since 2015 (Milky way S6) for videos with 120 fps or higher.

Every video photographic camera that is able to record at lx fps (e.one thousand. Asus PadFone two (tardily 2012: 720p@threescore fps^[four]) and Samsung Mobile starting at the Galaxy Note 3 (late 2013) with 1080p at 60 fps,^[five] labelled "smooth motion"), recorded it using the existent-time method.

Advantages

• Video editing software (e.1000. Sony Vegas, Kdenlive and included software in mobile phones) and video playback software (due east.g. VLC media role player) allow treating such videos as both usual videos and slow-move videos.
  • During video editing and video playback, the indicated playback speed matches real life.
  • Metadata viewing software (east.m. MediaInfo) shows a framerate and a time that matches the existent-life conditions during the video recording progression.
• Video framerate and duration matches real life.
• Includes audio rails, like normal framerate videos.

These advantages make the existent-time method the more than useful method for ability users.

Menial method [edit]

The menial method saves recorded video files in a stretched way, and also without sound runway. The framerate in the output file does non match the original sensor output framerate, merely the erstwhile is lower. The real-life timespan of the recording (while holding the camera) does non match the length of the video in the output file, but the latter is longer. The opposite is the case for time-lapse videos, where the effectively saved framerate is lower than for normal videos

This ways that the action visible inside the video runs at slower speeds than in real life, despite the indicated playback speed of ×1.

This encoding method is used by the photographic camera software of the following devices (incomplete list):

• Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ1000 (2014; 1080p@120fps; 1/4×)
• Samsung Omnia 2 GT-i8000 (2009; QVGA 320×240@120fps;^{[six] [7]} i/4×)
• Sony FDR-AX100 (2014; 720p@120fps; 1/four×^[eight])
• Sony RX100 Iv, V, VI and VII: High Frame Rate (HFR) mode records at 240 fps upward to 1,000 fps for three–7 seconds. This is saved at 24 - sixty fps, i.e. from 1/4x downwards to 1/40x speed.
• All Samsung Galaxy flagship devices starting from late 2012 to tardily 2014:
  • 2012: Galaxy Annotation 2: 720×480@120fps
  • 2013 H1: Galaxy S4 (800×450@120fps)
  • 2013 H1: S4 Zoom (720×480@120fps)
  • 2013 H2: Galaxy Note 3 (1280×720@120fps)
  • 2014 H1: Galaxy S5, Galaxy K Zoom, H2: Note four (1280×720@120fps)
• Before^{[ which? ]} OnePlus flagship devices (1280×720@120fps).
  • OnePlus 1^[9]

Advantages

• The output video file is directly playable as deadening motion in video players that exercise not support adjusting the playback speed (e.one thousand. on a Galaxy S3 Mini).
• The output video file is directly playable in video players and/or on devices that can only handle express framerates (e.one thousand. on a Galaxy S3 Mini).

Comparison [edit]

Instance

A 120_FPS video whose real-life recording duration is 00h:00m:10s can be encoded in the following methods seen in the table on the Samsung Milky way Note ii, S4, Note three, S5 and Note iv (instance devices that use the menial method for 120fps video recording).

In this example, the real-time-method recording device tin be an iPhone 5s, a Galaxy S6 (including variants), a Milky way Notation 5, a Sony Xperia Z2, Xperia Z3 or Xperia Z5.

This table also includes references from other video recording types (normal, low-framerate, time-lapse) to facilitate understanding for novice people.

🎬 Encoding mode	Complies with real-time?	📹 Exemplary paradigm sensor output framerate	Finer saved framerate Relative to real-life time	🎞️📝 Output video file framerate	🕒🎥 Exemplary real-life recording duration	🕒📽️ Output video elapsing	Total number of recorded frames	🎤 Sound recorded?
🎞️ Slow-motion ½ (menial ×ane/two)	✗	120fps	60fps (because one-half truncated)	30fps (60fps if no frames truncated)	00:00:10	00:00:xx	600 (1200 if no frames truncated)	No 🔇
🎞️ Slow-motion ¼ (menial ×1/4)	✗	120fps	120fps	30fps	00:00:10	00:00:40	1200	No 🔇
🎞️ Slow-motion ⅛ (menial ×1/eight)	✗	120fps	120fps	15fps	00:00:10	00:01:twenty (80 seconds)	1200	No 🔇
🎞️ Real-fourth dimension slow-motion[a] (HFR)	✓	120fps	120fps	120fps	00:00:10	00:00:10	1200	Yes 🔊
🎞️ Normal video (as reference)	✓	30fps[b]	30fps	30fps	00:00:10	00:00:x	300	Yep 🔊
🎞️ Low-framerate (as reference) [c] [d] [e]	✓	10fps	10fps	10fps	00:00:10	00:00:10	100	Yeah 🔊 [f]
🎞️ Time-Lapse (×4) (opposite example reference)	✗ (menial)[grand]	30fps (for digital viewfinder preview)	7.v fps	30fps	00:00:x	00:00:02.500ms	75	No 🔇
🎞️ Time-Lapse (×8) (opposite example reference)	✗ (menial)	30fps (for digital viewfinder preview)	three.75 fps	30fps	00:00:ten	00:00:01.250ms	37.five	No 🔇

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Real-time tedious-motion" videos can be treated as normal videos by playing it back at original 1× speed. Their high framerate could announced as additional smoothness on computer monitors that support displaying higher framerates (i.due east. gaming monitors).
2. ^ Some cameras might use/offer variable frame rates, although it is less mutual than abiding framerates.
3. ^ Common example for surveillance cameras. It might also be 5 fps, merely x fps is about suitable for this example.
4. ^ The video can be sped up to be viewed as a time-lapse.
5. ^ Some cameras might record at lower framerates due to technical limitations, e.one thousand. the Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1 records 2160p@15fps instead of the usual 30fps, probable due to insufficient processing functioning. On the Lumix CM1, 30fps tin can only exist achieved at lower video resolutions such as 1080p.
6. ^ Non all CCTV's record audio, but they practise usually.
7. ^ In this case, the time lapse video gets saved in a sped-up (condensed) way, in the same manner it is elongated in the menial slow movement method. 1 2d of playback at an indicated playback speed of ×1 shows four seconds of real-life activity.

See also [edit]

• Movement picture terminology
• Loftier-speed camera
• Time-lapse photography
• Bullet time
• Video server
• Multicam (LSM)
• Temporal posterization

References [edit]

1. ^ "Hindu Kush", SpringerReference, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2011, doi:10.1007/springerreference_225774
2. ^ "Sony F23: Three 2/iii-inch CCD sensors with B4 lens mount CineAlta camera (discontinued)". Sony United kingdom. Offers frame rates of 1-60 fps
3. ^ Kloft, Michael (Director) (1999). Das Fernsehen unter dem Hakenkreuz (Documentary). Germany: Spiegel TV.
4. ^ Asus PadFone 2 on GSMarena
5. ^ Specifications of the Samsung Galaxy Note 3 at GSMArena.
6. ^ Samsung GT-i8000 Omnia Ii review: "A surprising experience" – Folio 1: Introduction.
7. ^ PhoneArena review: Samsung Omnia 2 GT-i8000 – Page 3: "Camera, multimedia and software".
8. ^ Sony FDR-AX100 user manual (help guide) page 93: "This production records approximately iii-second-long fast actions or motions as an approximately 12-second-long slow-motion movie."
9. ^ GSMArena: "OnePlus Ane review: When opportunity strikes" – Page eight: "Photographic camera and video": "And finally here's a 720p video at 120 fps – tiresome move. The telephone captures the footage at 120 fps merely so renders it in-business firm to 30 fps […]."

External links [edit]

• Videos Sorprendentes en Tiresome Motion / Cámara Lenta
• Interesting High-speed Video Clips
• Create Slow Movement Videos
• JackCabbage: Overcrank on the EX-1
• JackCabbage: Overcrank and Undercrank on the HVX

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_motion